Data_Sheet_1_Features of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of Gastrodia elata cultivated in greenhouse for early harvest.docx

Symbiotic microbes are essential for developing and growing Gastrodia elata, an achlorophyllous orchid of high medicinal value. Recently, the cultivation of G. elata in greenhouses has been adopted in Korea to produce mature tubers in a short time. However, no studies have been conducted on the microbial community structure of G. elata cultivated in greenhouse environments. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal features of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of G. elata at the juvenile [JT; 2 months after sowing (MAS)], young (YT; 6 MAS), and mature (MT; 11 MAS) tuber stages using culture-dependent and high-throughput sequencing technology. The richness and diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities decreased with tuber growth of G. elata. The symbiotic fungi Mycena sp. and Armillaria sp. as well as tuber extract inhibited the growth of various soil-inhabiting fungal and bacterial strains, indicating that G. elata and its symbiotic fungi play important roles in the selection of rhizosphere microbes. Mortierella rishikesha was the most abundant fungal species in the rhizosphere. We also identified the microorganisms potentially beneficial for G. elata development during greenhouse cultivation. Tubers and symbiotic fungi actively exert selective pressure on rhizosphere microbes, influencing the diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal communities as G. elata grows. This study is a first report on the temporal microbial community structure of G. elata cultivated in greenhouse. The results on the associated microbiome of G. elata will help understand their beneficial interactions with G. elata and contribute to improvement in cultivation.

共生微生物对于发育和生长具有高药用价值的无叶植物 Gastrodia elata 乃不可或缺。近年来，韩国已采纳在温室中培养 G. elata 以期短时间内产出成熟块茎的方法。然而，关于温室环境下 G. elata 培养的微生物群落结构的研究尚付阙如。因此，本研究采用基于培养和基于高通量测序技术，分析了 G. elata 幼苗阶段（播种后 2 个月，记作 JT）、幼期（播种后 6 个月，记作 YT）和成熟期（播种后 11 个月，记作 MT）块茎阶段的根际细菌和真菌群落的时空特征。随着 G. elata 块茎的生长，其细菌和真菌群落的丰富度和多样性呈下降趋势。共生真菌 Mycena sp. 和 Armillaria sp. 以及块茎提取物抑制了多种土壤栖息的真菌和细菌菌株的生长，这表明 G. elata 及其共生真菌在根际微生物的选择中扮演着至关重要的角色。Mortierella rishikesha 是根际中最丰富的真菌物种。此外，我们还鉴定了在温室培养过程中对 G. elata 发育有益的微生物。块茎和共生真菌积极施加选择性压力于根际微生物，影响细菌和真菌群落的多样性和丰度，随着 G. elata 的生长而发生变化。本研究首次报告了温室培养的 G. elata 的微生物群落结构随时间的变化。关于 G. elata 关联微生物组的研究成果将有助于理解其与 G. elata 的有益相互作用，并为栽培技术的改进做出贡献。