Time, Joy, and Wonder: The Relative Importance of Temporal Dissociation in GenAI-Enhanced Problem-Based Language Learning

Generative AI tools like ChatGPT are transforming university EFL education, yet the cognitive mechanisms underlying effective human-AI engagement remain underexplored. This study adopts Cognitive Absorption Theory to examine how temporal dissociation, enjoyment, and curiosity influence learners’ engagement with GenAI in problem-based learning. Using a quasi-experimental design with 240 Taiwanese hospitality students, combined with PLS-SEM, fsQCA, and qualitative interviews, the research found that GenAI-supported PBL was associated with higher language proficiency outcomes. PLS-SEM validated temporal dissociation, enjoyment, and curiosity as significant predictors of positive GenAI experience while fsQCA identified three engagement configurations which were all centered on temporal dissociation. Qualitative findings revealed game-like exploration experiences alongside concerns about over-reliance. The study extends cognitive absorption theory to GenAI contexts and offers implications for designing learner-centered EFL instruction, particularly in Asian educational settings where technology integration is expanding.