Probiotics attenuate glycemic levels and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed at China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan. T1DM patients were administered regular insulin therapy plus capsules containing probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium daily for 6 months, and the other patients were administered insulin therapy without extra probiotic supplement as placebo group.The variations of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in these patients were analyzed. In addition, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients' stool microbiota were all subjects to next-generation sequencing analysis.