Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Unveils Microbiota-Metabolite-Host Interactions and Novel Biomarkers for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease Diagnosis

Participants were recruited between 2022 and 2024 from the Physical Examination Center and the Endocrinology Department of Shuguang Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 535 individuals were enrolled, including 185 non-diabetic individuals, 228 patients with T2DM, and 122 patients with DKD . All participants provided informed consent, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shuguang Hospital (Ethics number: ChiCTR2100043546).