Cambridge Gambling Task Data

Background: Late-life onset psychosis and milder delusion-like ideation are known risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. The Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI) framework was developed to capture specific psychotic-like symptoms relevant to dementia prognosis in older adults. This study aims to investigate the cognitive deficits associated with MBI-psychosis and their implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms and potential treatment targets.Method: The study recruited participants between November 2021 and July 2022 from the PROTECT study registry. Participants completed the Cambridge Gambling Task, Stroop, Trail Making, Paired Associates Learning, Verbal Reasoning, Digit Span and Self-Ordered Search. Psychotic symptom status was assessed using the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), with participants categorized as MBI-psychosis if they or their study partner reported any psychotic symptoms.Results: Out of 2,111 eligible participants invited, 417 consented to participate. There were no significant differences in age, sex, education level, or mental health history between the MBI-psychosis and No Psychosis groups. Participants with MBI-psychosis exhibited significantly worse performance on the Stroop task (p=0.0002, Cohen’s d=0.37) compared to those without psychosis. There was also some evidence of impairment in verbal reasoning, though it did not reach significance after Bonferroni correction. No significant differences were found on other cognitive measures.Discussion: This cross-sectional study provides insight into the cognitive deficits associated with MBI-psychosis. The finding of impaired Stroop task performance in individuals with MBI-psychosis is noteworthy, as this deficit is commonly observed in earlier-life major psychotic disorders. Further research is needed to explore the neural underpinnings of these deficits and to determine whether they represent early markers of neurodegenerative disease or other factors.

背景：晚年发病的精神病和轻度妄想样观念被认为是认知能力下降和痴呆的风险因素。轻度行为障碍（MBI）框架被开发出来，旨在捕捉与痴呆预后相关的特定精神病样症状。本研究旨在调查与MBI-精神病相关的认知缺陷及其对理解潜在机制和潜在治疗靶点的意义。方法：研究于2021年11月至2022年7月期间从PROTECT研究登记处招募参与者。参与者完成了剑桥赌博任务、斯特罗普测试、路径追踪、成对联想学习、言语推理、数字广度测试和自我有序搜索。使用轻度行为障碍清单（MBI-C）评估精神病症状状态，如果参与者或其研究伙伴报告了任何精神病症状，则将其归类为MBI-精神病。结果：在邀请的2111名合格参与者中，有417人同意参与。MBI-精神病组和未精神病组在年龄、性别、教育水平或心理健康史方面没有显著差异。与无精神病组相比，MBI-精神病组在斯特罗普测试中的表现显著较差（p=0.0002，Cohen’s d=0.37）。在言语推理方面也观察到一些功能障碍的证据，但经Bonferroni校正后并未达到显著性。在其他认知指标上未发现显著差异。讨论：这项横断面研究揭示了与MBI-精神病相关的认知缺陷。MBI-精神病个体在斯特罗普测试中表现出的功能障碍值得关注，因为这种缺陷通常在早期生活中的重大精神病障碍中观察到。需要进一步研究以探索这些缺陷的神经基础，并确定它们是否代表神经退行性疾病的早期标志或其他因素。