Charging demand for the medium and heavy-duty battery electric trucks in Finland

Abstract of the research Large-scale adoption of medium and heavy-duty (MHD) battery electric trucks (BETs) are known as the promising decarbonization strategy for road freight transport at medium-term (MT) and long-term (LT) planning horizons. To enable this, the plug-in charging infrastructure network, including megawatt charging systems (MCSs) and combined charging systems (CCSs), should be planned to meet the charging demand at national levels. We estimated the electricity demand and operational charging power requirement for six different charging group settings based on charging activities (“off-shift” and “mid-shift”) and charger ownerships (private and public) in Finland. We used a very detailed trip chains analysis approach to analyse a five-year (2018-2022) road freight origin-destination (OD) survey dataset in Finland. This document presents the results for best and worst-case scenarios of electricity demand in MT (2030) and LT (2050) horizons. There are eight GIS datasets to present two groups of scenarios with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading. In each group of scenarios, there are four GIS datasets. The first two GIS datasets aggregate the charging demands (public and private) into municipality-zone maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The last two GIS datasets aggregate the on-road charging demands (public) into 10 km to 10 km grid maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. Keywords: Battery electric trucks (BETs); Plug-in charging infrastructure; Trip chains analysis; Megawatt charger systems (MCSs); Combined charger systems (CCSs) Methodology: This study estimates best and worst-case scenarios for electricity demand and operational charging power requirements for road freight electrification scenarios by using MHD BETs in MT (2030) and LT (2050) horizons in Finland. In addition to these scenarios, a Full electrification scenario is estimated for LT (2050) horizon. The methodology includes very detailed trip chains analysis, OD driving route analysis, and worst and best-case scenario analysis. Six groups of charging activities are identified based on two driving shifts (one (1d) and two drivers (2d)) and three operational trip profiles (urban (U), short-haul (SH), and long-haul (LH)). Table 1 presents the details of charger groups. The scenarios are specified with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading status in the results. More details of the methodology and assumptions are available in the following paper: (The link will be available later). Table 1. The details of charger groups. Charger groups Positioning in the work schedule Maximum charging power in kW Operational trip profiles and driving shifts “off-shift” / “mid-shift” Private / Public private1 Before the trip 400 SH and LH (2d) off-shift Private private2 Before the trip 700 U (2d) off-shift Private private3 At mandatory long breaks 400 U (2d) off-shift Private (it could also be Public) private4 at loading/unloading 400 All mid-shift Private public1 At mandatory long breaks 200 SH and LH (1d and 2d), U (1d) off-shift Public public2 At mandatory short breaks (45 min) 1200 All mid-shift Public The details of GIS datasets: There are eight GIS datasets to present two groups of scenarios with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading. In each group of scenarios, there are four GIS datasets. The first two GIS datasets aggregate the charging demands (public and private) into municipality-zone maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The last two GIS datasets aggregate the on-road charging demands (public) into 10 km to 10 km grid maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The coordinate reference systems (CRSs) of GIS files are EPSG:4326 - WGS 84. Table 2 presents the details of datasets including names and descriptions. Table 2. List of datasets (file) names. File names starting with: Scenarios with opportunity charging at loading/unloading (“private4”) Charger groups Description LT(2050)AllChargersMunicipalityMap No “private1-3” and “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand by publich, aggregated into municipality zones, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading. MT(2030)AllChargersMunicipalityMap No “private1-3” and “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand, aggregated into municipality zones, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading. LT(2050)PublicChargersGridMap No “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading. MT(2030)PublicChargersGridMap No “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading. LT(2050)AllChargersMunicipalityMap_Opp Yes “private1-4” and “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand by publich, aggregated into municipality zones, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading. MT(2030)AllChargersMunicipalityMap_Opp Yes “private1-4” and “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand, aggregated into municipality zones, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading. LT(2050)PublicChargersGridMap_Opp Yes “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading. MT(2030)PublicChargersGridMap_Opp Yes “public1-2” Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading. Table 3 describes the variables and their descriptions in all datasets. Be aware of following notes when using the datasets: · The Municipality zones in GIS datasets are adopted from the dataset available in national land survey (NLS) of Finland (2024) (https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/en/maps-and-spatial-data/datasets-and-interfaces/product-descriptions/division-administrative-areas-vector). · Correction in datasets: Thee following municipality pair zones and their centroid are in very close neighbourhood (topology) to each other: Ylöjärvi & Ikaalinen (Ylöjärvi), Jyväskylä & Muurame (Muurame), Kuopio & Siilinjärvi (Siilinjärvi), Liminka & Tyrnävä (Tyrnävä). The electricity demands in these municipality pairs should be aggregated for planning charger infrastructures. Table 3. List of variables and their descriptions in all datasets (files). Name Data Type Description Unit id Real Unique id for municipality zones or 10 km to 10 km grid polygons - left Real X coordinate of left boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS. Coordinates [m] top Real Y coordinate of top boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS. Coordinates [m] right Real X coordinate of right boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS. Coordinates [m] bottom Real Y coordinate of bottom boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS. Coordinates [m] natcode String Municipality’s code - namefin String Municipality’s name in Finnish - nameswe String Municipality’s name in Swedish - Centroid String coordinate of the municipality zone (polygon) in etrs-tm35fin CRS. Coordinates [m] PR1EW Real The electricity demand at “private1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PR1EBmax Real The electricity demand at “private1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PR1EB Real The electricity demand at “private1” charger group. kWh PR1TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PR1TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PR1TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PR1ChPmen Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group. kW PR1ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group. kW PR1ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group. kW PR1ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group. kW PR2EW Real The electricity demand at “private2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PR2EBmax Real The electricity demand at “private2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PR2EB Real The electricity demand at “private2” charger group. kWh PR2TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PR2TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PR2TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PR2ChPmean Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group. kW PR2ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group. kW PR2ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group. kW PR2ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group. kW PR3EW Real The electricity demand at “private3” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PR3EBmax Real The electricity demand at “private3” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PR3EB Real The electricity demand at “private3” charger group. kWh PR3TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PR3TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PR3TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PR3ChPmean Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group. kW PR3ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group. kW PR3ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group. kW PR3ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group. kW PR4EW Real The electricity demand at “private4” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PR4EBmax Real The electricity demand at “private4” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PR4EB Real The electricity demand at “private4” charger group. kWh PR4TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PR4TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PR4TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PR4ChPmean Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group. kW PR4ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group. kW PR4ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group. kW PR4ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group. kW PU1EW Real The electricity demand at “public1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PU1EBmax Real The electricity demand at “public1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PU1EB Real The electricity demand at “public1” charger group. kWh PU1TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PU1TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PU1TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PU1ChPmean Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group. kW PU1ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group. kW PU1ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group. kW PU1ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group. kW PU2EW Real The electricity demand at “public2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) kWh PU2EBmax Real The electricity demand at “public2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) kWh PU2EB Real The electricity demand at “public2” charger group. kWh PU2TNW Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario) number PU2TNBmax Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) number PU2TNB Real The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Best-case scenario) number PU2ChPmean Real The mean value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group. kW PU2ChPsd Real The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group. kW PU2ChPmax Real The maximum value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group. kW PU2ChPmin Real The minimum value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group. kW