Main variables of the model.

Based on the analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of producer services agglomeration and urban green development efficiency in China, this study measures the influence and spatial spillover effects of producer services agglomeration on urban green development. Research results reveal that the specialization agglomeration level of producer services has undergone a dynamic decline process, demonstrating spatial characteristics where the east exhibits higher levels than the west, and the north surpasses the south. In contrast, the diversification agglomeration level of producer services has demonstrated a consistent upward trajectory, characterized by a spatial distribution that is broadly scattered but concentrated on a smaller scale. Regarding China’s urban green development, its efficiency shows a dynamic upward trend and displays characteristics of agglomeration and contiguous development in space. Overall, both modes of producer services agglomeration have beneficial diffusion impacts on urban ecological advancement. Furthermore, the impact of this agglomeration on the efficiency of green development notably varies across regions and industries.