Charging service equity evaluation and EVCS planning

Urban transportation electrification is critical for carbon neutrality yet faces challenges charging infrastructure inequities, particularly in low-income communities, like urban villages. Residents of urban villages encounter limited private charging options, despite public electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) being essential for equitable mobility transitions. Current studies rely on static analyses, neglecting dynamic daily travel behaviours and renewable energy integration in multi-agent systems. This study innovatively proposes Comprehensive Charging Duration (CCD) metric, combining queuing theory and agent-based simulations to dynamically evaluate public charging accessibility across stages from station searching, queuing, charging and parking to returning. A city-scale information model (covering 262,003 buildings across 13,717 hubs) integrates probabilistic e-mobility hourly behaviours on the urban road network and distributed renewable energy network with hybrid hydrogen-electric storage, enabling cross-sector and multi-agent urban energy transient simulation. Based on that, four EVCS deployment strategies are proposed, prioritizing equity, renewable energy penetration, traffic charging preference, and comprehensive criteria, respectively. The CCD-optimized plan reduces charging inequities across income groups for all dimensions. The renewable-focused plan achieves the lowest carbon emissions, while the comprehensive plan enhances green electricity use in transportation with 11.10%. Hybrid energy storage addresses seasonal deficits, with renewables supplying 35.7% of total demand. This framework offers a validated, scalable methodology for balancing equity and sustainability in EVCS planning and provides actionable tools for policymakers to design adaptive EVCSs, supporting green transportation transitions while ensuring equitable progress toward sustainability targets.