Dataset for "Air speed and direction affect metabolic and thermoregulatory responses during walking and running in a temperate environment."

Revisiting classical experiments on the impact of air resistance on metabolic rate, we aimed to overcome limitations of previous research, notably: low participant numbers (n=1–3), highly turbulent wind, and confounding effects of rising body temperature. In a custom-built wind tunnel with reduced turbulence, 14 participants (8 males, 6 females) walked (5 km.h-1) and ran on a treadmill (70%V̇O2max) at 0, 2, 4 and 6 m.s-1 headwind or tailwind in a counterbalanced design, with rest-breaks between each exposure to avoid rises in body core temperature. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) exhibited strong linear relationships versus wind direction, dynamic pressure and air speed squared (Vwr2), lower in magnitude for headwind than tailwind. A moderate linear relationship was observed between heart rate, wind direction, dynamic pressure and Vwr2. Below 4 m⸱s-1, the effect of wind was well within inter- and intra-individual variation and equipment uncertainty, and only at wind speeds ≥4 m⸱s-1 did the differences in physiological responses reach statistical significance. Our data indicate that at running speeds below 4 m⸱s-1 (14.4 km/h), indoor treadmill and outdoor running are comparable in terms of the metabolic impact of air movement relative to the person. However, this does not extend to the thermoregulatory effect of wind, with outdoor running providing a higher cooling rate due to the self-generated wind created during running. By removing the confounding impact of core temperature rises, the observed effects of headwind were lower and those of tailwind larger than observed previously. In the context of middle-distance running, headwind created by running at 21.5 km.h-1 would result in a 2.2% increase of V̇O2. A relative tailwind of the same speed would lead to a 3.1% reduction.New and NoteworthyRevisiting classical work by Pugh and Davies on the metabolic effects of wind speed and direction, shortcomings in the original studies’ methodologies were addressed. Using more participants, less turbulent wind, and avoiding confounding effects of work induced core temperature increases, new equations describing the impact of relative air speed (squared) and wind direction were developed. Results suggest that earlier data were affected by increasing core temperatures with increasing wind speeds. This study however observed lower impact of headwind, and larger impact of tailwind in the absence of a core temperature increase.

重审经典实验关于空气阻力对新陈代谢率影响的研究，我们旨在克服先前研究中的限制，特别是：参与者数量有限（n=1-3）、风速高度湍流以及体温上升的混杂效应。在定制风洞中，该风洞降低了湍流，14名参与者（8名男性，6名女性）以5公里/小时的速度行走，并在跑步机（70%最大摄氧量）上以0、2、4和6米/秒的顺风或逆风进行跑步，采用平衡设计，并在每次暴露后进行休息，以避免体温核心的升高。摄氧量（V̇O2）与风向、动态压力和风速平方（Vwr2）显示出强烈的线性关系，逆风比顺风在量级上更低。心率与风向、动态压力和Vwr2之间存在适度的线性关系。当风速低于4米/秒时，风速对生理反应的影响远在个体间和个体内变异以及设备不确定性的范围内，只有当风速≥4米/秒时，生理反应的差异才达到统计学上的显著性。我们的数据表明，在低于4米/秒（14.4公里/小时）的跑步速度下，室内跑步机和室外跑步在空气运动相对于人体的代谢影响方面相当。然而，这并不适用于风的热调节效应，由于跑步时产生的自生风，室外跑步提供更高的冷却率。通过消除体温升高的混杂影响，观察到的逆风效应低于先前观察到的，而尾风效应更大。在中距离跑步的背景下，以21.5公里/小时的速度跑步产生的逆风将导致V̇O2增加2.2%。相同速度的相对顺风将导致V̇O2减少3.1%。新发现与亮点：重审Pugh和Davies关于风速和方向对代谢影响的经典工作，解决了原始研究方法中的不足。通过增加参与者数量、减少湍流风速以及避免由工作引起的核心温度增加的混杂效应，开发了描述相对风速（平方）和风向影响的新的方程式。结果建议，早期数据受到了随着风速增加而升高的核心温度的影响。然而，本研究观察到，在没有核心温度增加的情况下，逆风的影响低于先前观察到的，而尾风的影响更大。