INTEGRATED RISK STRATIFICATION OF ASYMPTOMATIC OVARIAN MASSES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN: THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZED ULTRASOUND AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL PROFILING

ABSTRACT. Asymptomatic ovarian and adnexal masses are frequently detected in postmenopausal women during routine pelvic ultrasonography or imaging performed for unrelated indications. Although the majority of these lesions are benign, the distinction between low-risk benign masses, borderline tumors, and clinically significant malignancies remains a major diagnostic challenge. In postmenopausal women, unnecessary surgery should be avoided in clearly benign lesions, while potentially malignant tumors require timely identification and referral to specialized gynecologic oncology care.