Exploring the alleviation and mechanism of imidacloprid-induced liver and kidney injury in mice by chlorophyll-enriched laver extracts: a multi-omics approach

Chlorophyll possesses the potential to alleviate the toxicity induced by imidacloprid (IMI). However, research in this area, particularly the antioxidant-rich pheophytin a and pheophorbide a, is lacking. This study investigated the ameliorative effects and mechanism of chlorophyll-enriched laver extracts on IMI-induced hepatorenal toxicity in a mouse model. Non-omics results indicate that chlorophyll-enriched laver extracts considerably mitigate the oxidative stress, functional impairment, and cellular damage in the liver and kidney due to IMI. Omics results elucidate the following mechanisms: chlorophyll-enriched laver extracts ameliorate mitochondrial DNA damage induced by IMI exposure, modulate the consequent alterations in energy metabolism, and rectify the dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism during abnormal energy metabolism. These mechanisms inhibit oxidative stress and hepatic and renal functional and cellular damages in mice exposed to IMI. This research provides novel dietary recommendations for populations at high risk of exposure to IMI.