Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2017 - Singapore

Abstract
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Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage
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Condominiums were covered on a best-effort basis; 7% of condowellers were excluded from thesurvey. About 14% of the population were living in condominiums as of 2016.

Analysis unit
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Individuals

Universe
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The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data
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Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure
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The indicators in the 2017 Global Findex database are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in 144 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population (see Table A.1 of the Global Findex Database 2017 Report for a list of the economies included). The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. Interview procedure Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where this is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.

Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed and the handheld survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size was 1000.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in more than 140 languages upon request.

Questions on cash on delivery, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar, and Jake Hess. 2018. The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank

摘要
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金融普惠对于减少贫困和实现包容性经济增长至关重要。当人们能够参与金融体系时，他们更有能力创办和扩展企业，投资于子女的教育，以及吸收金融冲击。然而，在2011年之前，关于金融普惠的广度和贫困人口、妇女、农村居民等群体被排除在正式金融体系之外的程度知之甚少。
通过收集关于全球成年人如何管理日常财务的详细指标，全球金融指数数据库允许政策制定者、研究人员、企业和发展实践者追踪金融服务使用情况随时间的变化。该数据库还可以用于识别正式金融体系获取方面的差距，并设计扩大金融普惠的政策。
地理覆盖范围
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公寓楼在尽力覆盖的基础上进行了调查；7%的公寓业主被排除在调查之外。截至2016年，约有14%的人口居住在公寓楼。
分析单元
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个人
总体
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目标群体是非机构化的平民，年龄在15岁及以上。
数据类型
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观测数据/评级[obs]
抽样程序
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2017年全球金融指数数据库中的指标来自覆盖144个经济体近15万人（参见全球金融指数数据库2017年报告附录A.1中的经济体列表）的调查研究数据。该调查在2017年全年由Gallup公司作为其Gallup世界民意调查的一部分进行，自2005年以来，该调查每年在160多个经济体和150多种语言中进行，使用随机选取的、具有全国代表性的样本，调查人数约为1000人。目标群体是所有15岁及以上的非机构化平民。访谈程序
在电话覆盖率低于人口80%的经济体或通常采用面对面调查方法的经济体中，进行面对面调查。在大多数经济体中，实地调查在两周到四周内完成。
在面对面调查的经济体中，抽样第一阶段是识别主要抽样单位。这些单位按人口规模、地理区域或两者结合进行分层，并通过一个或多个抽样阶段实现聚类。如果可用人口信息，则根据人口规模成比例的概率进行样本选择；否则，使用简单随机抽样。
使用随机路线程序选择抽样家庭。除非出现明确的拒绝，否则调查员最多尝试三次对抽样家庭进行调查。为了提高接触和完成调查的概率，在不同时间和可能的不同日子进行尝试。如果无法在初始抽样家庭中获得访谈，则使用简单替换方法。
在选定的家庭内随机选择受访者。将每位有资格的家庭成员列出，手持调查设备随机选择要访谈的家庭成员。对于纸质调查，使用Kish网格法选择受访者。在文化限制规定性别匹配的经济体中，从所有有资格的成年受访者中选择。
在采用电话访谈的经济体中，使用随机数字拨号或全国代表性的电话号码列表。在手机普及率高的多数经济体中，使用双重抽样框架。通过使用最新生日或家庭编号方法实现受访者的随机选择。在每户家庭中至少尝试三次联系某人，分别在不同的日子和不同的时间进行。
样本量是1000。
数据收集方式
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面对面[f2f]
研究工具
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问卷由世界银行设计，与技术顾问委员会合作，该委员会由金融普惠领域的领先学者、实践者和政策制定者组成。比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会和Gallup公司也提供了宝贵的意见。问卷在多个国家进行了试点，使用了焦点小组、认知访谈和实地测试。应要求，问卷可用140多种语言。
关于现金到货、使用非正式储蓄俱乐部或家庭外人员储蓄、国内汇款和农业支付的提问仅针对发展中国家和其他少数选定国家。关于移动货币账户的提问仅针对在访谈进行时属于GSMA“无银行账户移动货币”（MMU）数据库的经济体。
抽样误差估计
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标准误差（考虑抽样误差）的估计因国家和指标而异。有关特定国家的误差范围，请参阅方法部分和Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Klapper, Leora, Singer, Dorothe, Ansar, Saniya和Hess, Jake于2018年发表的《全球金融指数数据库2017：衡量金融普惠和金融科技革命》。华盛顿特区：世界银行。