Soil temperature observations and counterfactual simulations under photovoltaic arrays in a semi-arid region

This dataset was collected from a semi-arid cropland photovoltaic experimental site in Weiyuan County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province, China (35°8′55″N, 104°13′47″E). It includes observed soil temperature at six depths (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 cm) in both PV and control (CK) areas, PGPV-Net model predictions, soil temperature predictions under three counterfactual scenarios (water–ghost panel, flame–ghost panel, light–ghost panel), and the decomposed contributions of shading, panel-temperature, hydrological, and net effects. The data have a 30-minute temporal resolution starting from May 26, 2025, and support research on the mechanisms of photovoltaic impacts on soil thermal regimes.