Primers used for molecular analysis for identification of bee populations, pathogens and parasites.

Abbreviations: Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus, (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood virus (SBV). References: Arias MC and WS Sheppard WS (1996) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5: 557–566; Benjeddou et al. (2001) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:2384–2387; Chen et al. (2005) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71(1):436–441; Di Prisco et. al. (2011) Journal of General Virology 92: 151–15; Klee et al. (2007). Journal of Invertabrate Pathology 96: 1–10. Ribiere et al. (2002) Apidologie 33: 339–351; Stoltz et al. (1995) Journal of Apicultural Research 34: 153–160.