Inventory of mechanistic bee models by the ICPPR Bee Modelling Interest Group (Work Group 3)

In the inventory of bee models, we compiled an overview of published colony or population level models of honey bees, bumble bees or solitary bees. Publications available by mid 2025 were included in the inventory. The published models were categorised using a set of aspects that are relevant in the context of possible use (or further development) in addressing pesticide exposures and effects to bees. The aim of the inventory is a concise but comprehensive overview of available bee models. Available approaches can be directly compared on a high level, and their potential for addressing specific questions can be quickly determined, e.g., whether the interaction between bees and complex landscapes can be addressed directly, whether pesticide exposure and effects are addressed, etc. Categories reviewed give insight into modelled taxa, model type and implementation, spatial and temporal aspects as well as whether pesticide exposures and effects are captured. The compilation was conducted in the context of the ICPPR Bee Modelling Interest Group. Apart from the first author, authors are listed in alphabetical order.