Experimental and Computational Study Towards Identifying Active Sites of Supported SnOx Nanoparticles for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Using Machine-Learned Interatomic Potentials

SnOx has received great attention as an electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), however, it still suffers from low activity. Moreover, the atomic-level SnOx structure and the nature of the active sites are still ambiguous due to the dynamism of surface structure and difficulty in structure characterization under electrochemical conditions. Herein, we first enhance its CO2RR performance by supporting SnO2 nanoparticles on two common supports, Vulcan Carbon and TiO2 . Then, electrolysis of CO2 at various temperatures in a neutral electrolyte reveals that the application window for this catalyst is between 12 and 30 °C.Furthermore, our study introduces a machine learning interatomic potential method for the atomistic simulation to investigate SnO 2 reduction and establish a correlation between SnO x structures and their CO 2 RR performance. In addition, selectivity is analyzed computationally with density functional theory simulations to identify the key differences between the binding energies of *H and *CO2−, where both are correlated with the presence of oxygen on the nanoparticle surface. This study offers in-depth insights into the rational design and application of SnOx -based electrocatalysts for CO2RR.