Integrated Growth Poles Project 2016, Impact Evaluation - Mozambique

Abstract
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The World Bank’s Africa Gender Innovation Lab (GIL) and the World Bank's Global Practice Finance, Innovation and Competitiveness partnered with the Mozambique Integrated Growth Poles Project (IGPP) to assess the impact of the rehabilitation of two feeder roads in Tete province on household welfare. The region is characterized by high agricultural potential growth but suffers from weak market linkages, which could be improved through upgraded market access roads. After the IGPP’s technical and economic assessment, the roads R604 and R605 crossing Angonia, Tsangano, Chiuta, Macanga districts were given priority for the investment and rehabilitation. From October 2017 to July 2019, a total of 104 km of road R605 and 104 km of road R604 were rehabilitated, including the sealing of 32 and 26 kilometers of paved roads respectively. The maintenance works by the contractor continued on the two roads to maintain all weather road access up until April 2020.

The IGPP was a 6-year World Bank financed project (Cr 5237-MZ) amounting to SDR 66,100,000 (US$100 million equivalent), on April 25, 2013 and became effective on August 23, 2013. It lasted until April 2020.

The impact assessment on the effects of the roads rehabilitation included three data collections from 2016 to 2019. The baseline survey was conducted from April to June 2016 on a sample of about 3,000 households in 150 rural communities (~20 households per community). Half of the sample is located along the two roads rehabilitated under the IGPP (R604 and R605), and the other half along two other roads that were not rehabilitated (N302 and R603).

Two survey instruments were designed to capture socioeconomic and agricultural outcomes: a household questionnaire and a community questionnaire. The household questionnaire collected information on (i) agricultural production and sales, crop choices, input usage, and farming practices; (ii) employment including off-farm; (iii) noncognitive skills; (iv) women empowerment and intra-household bargaining; (v) household and farm assets; (vi) household shocks; (vii) household and farm assets; and (viii) consumption. The community questionnaire focused on village-level crop prices and access to services and infrastructures.

The information gathered from the survey would generally aid decision makers in the formulation of economic and social policies to:
- Construct models to simulate the impact on individual groups of the various policy options and to analyze the impact of decisions that have already been implemented and of the economic situation on living conditions of households
- To provide benchmark data for the district assemblies

The survey can be important for planners to know how to improve the quality of people's living standards. The Minister of Economy and Finance, the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Minister of Land and Environment of the Government of Mozambique would benefit from the data of this survey. District Authorities, Research Institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations and the general public will also greatly benefit from data of this survey.

Geographic coverage
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Mozambique: Angonia district, Tsangano district, Chiuta district, and Macanga district all located in the Province of Tete.

Analysis unit
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Households, individuals and plots of land in Angonia, Tsangano, Chiuta and Macanga districts in the Province of Tete of Mozambique.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The baseline sample is comprised of 2,292 households living in 150 communities. Half of the communities are located along the rehabilitated roads R604 and R605, and the other half are located on R603 and N302 that are not targeted by road rehabilitation works. The sample is also stratified by distance to the roads: half of the communities are located 0-2 km away from the roads, and the other half located 2-10 km away from the roads. To define the sample, the survey firm COWI Moçambique crossed databases from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), Cenacarta and District Administrations in the survey area, then geo-referenced existing settlements from Google Earth images and produced maps for a 10 km corridor around the roads. Based on these maps, the COWI team together with a representative of the Gender Innovation Lab held meetings with the District Administrations and did ground-truthing along the four roads to detail the existing communities and clean the mapping.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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Depending on the household type (single women or married women), different portions of the household questionnaire were administered to the spouses together, the husband alone or the wife alone. The data consists of responses from household to questions pertaining to (i) agricultural production and sales, crop choices, input usage, and farming practices; (ii) employment including off-farm; (iii) noncognitive skills; (iv) women empowerment and intra-household bargaining; (v) household and farm assets; (vi) household shocks; (vii) household and farm assets; and (viii) consumption.

Whenever relevant, the agricultural module of the household questionnaire was collected at the season level rather than at the yearly level. In the region, the agricultural calendar is composed of two agricultural seasons. The first season running from September to February is more intensive and concentrates most quantities produced of the rainfed cultures (e.g. maize, beans, soy, groundnuts, tobacco). The second season, also called the dry season, runs from March to August and is more favorable for the cultivation in wet areas (called zonas baixas) of horticultural crops. Almost every household cultivates during the first season, whereas only a third to half of the households cultivate during the second season due to the difficultly of accessing humid areas suitable for cultivation.

The community questionnaire covered the following topics: i) remoteness; ii) access to electricity, water and communication services; iii) access to agricultural inputs markets; iv) access to agricultural output markets; v) access to land; vi) prevalence of natural shocks; vii) food security; viii) social traditions; and finally ix) crop prices. In each community, the leader together with other four influential individuals reported the market price at which each crop is sold in the community or in the closest market.

The community questionnaire and household questionnaire are available in Portuguese for download.

摘要
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世界银行非洲性别创新实验室（GIL）与世界银行全球实践金融、创新与竞争力部门携手莫桑比克综合增长极项目（IGPP），评估了在太特省修复两条支线道路对家庭福祉的影响。该地区农业潜力增长巨大，但市场联系薄弱，这可以通过升级市场接入道路得到改善。经过IGPP的技术和经济评估后，穿越安戈尼亚、桑阿诺、奇乌塔和马坎加地区的道路R604和R605被优先考虑进行投资和修复。从2017年10月到2019年7月，共修复了104公里的道路R605和104公里的道路R604，分别包括32公里和26公里的铺装道路。承包商对这两条道路的维护工作一直持续到2020年4月。

IGPP是世界银行资助的为期6年的项目（Cr 5237-MZ），总额为6.61亿特别提款权（相当于10亿美元），项目于2013年4月25日开始，并于2013年8月23日生效，持续至2020年4月。

对道路修复影响的评估包括2016年至2019年进行的三个数据收集。基线调查于2016年4月至6月对约3,000户家庭在150个农村社区（每个社区约20户家庭）的样本进行。样本中的一半位于IGPP修复的道路R604和R605沿线，另一半则位于未修复的其他两条道路（N302和R603）沿线。

设计了两套调查工具以捕捉社会经济和农业成果：家庭问卷和社区问卷。家庭问卷收集了以下信息：（i）农业生产和销售、作物选择、投入使用和耕作实践；（ii）就业，包括非农就业；（iii）非认知技能；（iv）女性赋权和家庭内谈判；（v）家庭和农场资产；（vi）家庭冲击；（vii）家庭和农场资产；（viii）消费。社区问卷则关注村庄层面的作物价格和服务及基础设施的获取。

收集到的信息通常有助于决策者制定经济和社会政策，以：（i）构建模型以模拟各种政策选项对个体群体的影响，并分析已实施决策以及经济状况对家庭生活条件的影响；（ii）为区议会提供基准数据。

该调查对于规划者了解如何提高人民生活质量的品质具有重要意义。莫桑比克经济和财政部长、农业和农村发展部长、土地和环境部长都将从本次调查的数据中受益。区级当局、研究机构、非政府组织和公众也将从本次调查的数据中获得巨大收益。

地理覆盖范围
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莫桑比克：位于太特省的安戈尼亚区、桑阿诺区、奇乌塔区和马坎加区。

分析单元
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莫桑比克太特省安戈尼亚、桑阿诺、奇乌塔和马坎加区的家庭、个人和地块。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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基线样本包括2,292户生活在150个社区的家庭。其中一半社区位于修复的道路R604和R605沿线，另一半位于未进行道路修复工作的R603和N302沿线。样本还根据距离道路的距离进行分层：一半社区位于道路0-2公里范围内，另一半位于2-10公里范围内。为了定义样本，调查公司COWI Moçambique与国家统计局（INE）、Cenacarta和调查区域的区级行政部门交叉数据库，然后从Google Earth图像中地理参考现有聚居地，并制作了道路10公里走廊的地图。基于这些地图，COWI团队与性别创新实验室的代表一起与区级行政部门举行会议，并在四条道路上进行实地验证，详细说明现有社区并清理地图。

数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]

研究工具
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根据家庭类型（单身女性或已婚女性），对配偶双方、丈夫单独或妻子单独进行不同的家庭问卷部分。数据包括家庭对以下问题的回答：（i）农业生产和销售、作物选择、投入使用和耕作实践；（ii）就业，包括非农就业；（iii）非认知技能；（iv）女性赋权和家庭内谈判；（v）家庭和农场资产；（vi）家庭冲击；（vii）家庭和农场资产；（viii）消费。

每当相关时，家庭问卷的农业模块按季节级而不是按年度级收集。在该地区，农业日历由两个农业季节组成。第一个季节从9月到2月，是雨养作物（例如玉米、豆类、大豆、花生、烟草）产量最多的季节。第二个季节，也称为旱季，从3月到8月，对种植水田（称为低洼地区）的作物更有利。几乎每个家庭在第一个季节都会耕作，而只有三分之一到一半的家庭在第二个季节耕作，因为难以进入适合耕作的湿润地区。

社区问卷涵盖了以下主题：（i）偏远程度；（ii）获取电力、水和通信服务；（iii）获取农业投入品市场；（iv）获取农业产出市场；（v）获取土地；（vi）自然灾害的普遍性；（vii）粮食安全；（viii）社会传统；（ix）作物价格。在每个社区，社区领导与其他四位有影响力的人士一起报告社区或最近市场每种作物销售的市场价格。

社区问卷和家庭问卷均提供葡萄牙语版本供下载。