Impact of Immune and Stromal Infiltration on Outcomes Following Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Background: Bladder-sparing trimodality therapy (TMT) is an alternative to radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and biomarkers to inform therapy selection are needed. Objective: To evaluate immune and stromal signatures in MIBC treated with TMT. Gene expression profiling was used to study molecular sub typing and the tumor microenvironment in the setting of bladder preservation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.