Model comparison with deviance information criterion (DIC).

All models bellow included gender, ethnic group, farming, dog ownership and tap or well as a water source as fixed effects plus a P-spline term on age. All other models were nested on this model and additional terms are indicated with a •. Spatial and village level random effects are depicted by spatial and village respectively. Areal cover of lowland pasture, mountain pasture and forest classes are depicted by LP, MP and F respectively.