You tan cardiovascular health: What risk factors should we take into account to intervene?

Background: Acute myocardial infarction is currently the leading cause of early mortality worldwide, with an increase in the incidence and prevalence of this entity in recent years among younger people, specifically, those under 40 years of age. The presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in young adults has the same prediction of mortality from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease compared to older adults. Methods: A non-systematic review of the literature was carried out, using search terms such as "Cardiovascular Risk" and "Youth", as well as synonyms, which were combined with the operators "AND" and "OR", in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, EBSCO, and MEDLINE. Results: It is necessary to recognize and mitigate the presence of risk factors in young adults in a systematic and precise manner, not only focusing on the group of traditional factors (smoking, dyslipidemia, central obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemic/hypersodic diet, irregular or no physical activity), of which smoking and dyslipidemia have shown the greatest negative impact, but also emerging factors (chronic stress, consumption of energy drinks, consumption of psychoactive substances), the most important of which is the consumption of psychoactive substances, with cocaine as a key factor. Conclusions: The fact that cardiometabolic diseases are disproportionately increasing in incidence, presenting at younger and younger ages, makes it necessary to change the actual approach observed in day-to-day clinical practice.

背景：急性心肌梗死目前是全球导致早期死亡的主要原因，近年来，该疾病的发病率及患病率在年轻人中呈上升趋势，尤其是40岁以下的人群。在年轻人中，传统心血管风险因素的存在与老年人相比，对动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉疾病死亡率的预测具有相同的预测价值。方法：通过对文献进行非系统性回顾，使用诸如“心血管风险”和“青年”等关键词及其同义词，结合“AND”和“OR”运算符，在PubMed、ScienceDirect、Embase、EBSCO和MEDLINE数据库中进行检索。结果：有必要系统地识别和减轻年轻成人中风险因素的存在，不仅关注传统风险因素组（吸烟、血脂异常、中心性肥胖、动脉高血压、糖尿病、高血糖/高钠饮食、不规则或无运动），其中吸烟和血脂异常显示出最大的负面影响，还要关注新兴因素（慢性压力、能量饮料消费、精神活性物质消费），其中精神活性物质消费最为重要，可卡因是其关键因素。结论：由于心血管代谢性疾病在发病率上不成比例地增加，且发病年龄越来越年轻，因此有必要改变日常临床实践中观察到的实际方法。