Global Dynamic Ecosystem Map for Terrestrial Area (GDEM10km)

Monitoring ecosystem dynamics is fundamental to meeting global biodiversity targets and climate commitments, yet most widely used ecosystem maps are still essentially snapshots—static, structure-based products that are difficult to update consistently through time. Here we present a globally consistent, repeatable mapping framework that can develop terrestrial ecosystem functional groups (EFGs) within the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology1. Building on the FROM-GLC Plus land-cover product2-4, we generate fractional EFG layers at 10 km resolution for 2000, 2010, and 2020, enabling wall-to-wall comparisons of ecosystem composition through time. These maps capture two decades of change, providing an integrated basis for tracking terrestrial ecosystem dynamics at global scale.Keith, D. A. et al. A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems. Nature 610, 513–518 (2022).Yu, L. et al. FROM-GLC Plus: toward near real-time and multi-resolution land cover mapping. Gisci Remote Sens 59, 1026–1047 (2022).Du, Z. et al. Dual Data- and Knowledge-Driven Land Cover Mapping Framework for Monitoring Annual and Near-Real-Time Changes. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 62, 1–14 (2024).Yu, L. et al. FROM-GLC Plus 3.0: Multimodal Land Change Mapping with SAM and Dense Surface Observations. Journal of Remote Sensing 5, 0728 (2025).