ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

Endocrine disorders in childhood represent a significant medical and public health concern due to their profound impact on physical growth, pubertal development, and overall health. Hormonal imbalances affecting the growth hormone, thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, and insulin play a critical role in regulating normal growth and developmental processes. This article analyzes the effects of common pediatric endocrine disorders on growth patterns and developmental outcomes in children. Particular attention is given to growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and disorders of puberty. The review highlights pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention. Understanding the influence of endocrine dysfunction on child development is essential for improving long-term health outcomes and quality of life.