Data for "Differential spatial responses of rodents to masting on forest sites with differing disturbance history"

Study area The Dürrenstein Wilderness Area (DWA; 47°48’ to 47°45’ N, 15°01’ to 15°07’ E) is located within the northern Limestone Alps of Lower Austria, Austria. The protected area of the DWA covers 3500 ha in total from which approximately 400 ha are declared as a strictly protected area (International Union for Conservation of Nature category Ia) due to the primeval forest Rothwald which has never been logged (Kral & Mayer, 1968; Splechtna & Splechtna, 2016). A smaller part of the primeval forest is located in a basin, which is surrounded by steep slopes. We established five study sites for small mammal trapping (Table 1). Three study sites are situated at the southern slopes of the mountain Dürrenstein (1878 m a.s.l., 47°47’ N, 15°04’ E). The two study sites within the basin of the area are about 4000 m linear distance in southeastern direction to the summit of Dürrenstein. The primeval forest in the basin (PFb) is characterized by a high amount of dead wood and densely mixed regeneration and ground vegetation cover. The managed forests in the basin (MFb) are dominated by Picea abies, intermixed with Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba. Ground vegetation is dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus which is less common at all other sites. The managed forest (MFb) is adjacent to Rothwald and other beech-dominated forest stands. The primeval forest at the slopes (PFs) is characterized by old individuals of F. sylvatica. Regeneration is patchily distributed and ground vegetation cover is less compared to PFb. Calcareous C-horizon is partly exposed and offers many holes accessible for small animals. A windthrow in 1990 formed a large gap in the forest stand close to the primeval forest Rothwald. The area was not cleared from logs and provides a heterogeneous habitat with dense thickets intermixed with patches of grassland (WTs). In 2009, an avalanche created a disturbance of 10.1 ha size with a length of over 1,000 m and a width of up to 120 m (AVs). P. abies established rapidly in the middle parts, while the avalanche runout zone is characterized by a high amount of coarse woody debris and gravel. Eleven years after the disturbance event open grassland occupies around half of the site (Brenn, 2018). Data acquisition Live-trapping of small mammals To estimate abundance of small mammals, we conducted live trapping between 2004-2019. Trapping sessions were carried out between May to October with one to three sessions each year. The duration of a trapping session varied between 2-5 consecutive trap nights. Trapping grids where composed of 5x5 trap stations arranged on a grid with 15m distance between stations. Accounting for the elongated shape of the avalanche site we used a modified grid design there, placing 44 trap stations on three sub-grids while maintaining trap distance. We placed two traps of different manufacturers (i.e. wooden box traps, Sherman Traps, Tube Traps and Trip Traps) at each trap station and covered them with vegetation or other organic material to mitigate extreme temperatures. We baited each trap with butter cookies, peanut butter, and a piece of apple (Cody & Smallwood, 1996). Traps were checked each morning and set active in the evening. Species or genera were identified according to (Niethammer & Krapp, 1978, 1982). Owing to the high protective status of the research area, we were unable to use artificial permanent marking methods such as passive integrated transponder tags or metal tags that would otherwise accumulate in the forest. All field work was conducted in accordance with the reserve administration and the scientific advisory board of the Dürrenstein Wilderness Area and permits by the Government of Lower Austria, Nature Conservation Division (RU5). We summarized live-trapping data for the most dominant taxa (Myodes glareolus, Apodemus spp.) as the number of captured individuals ‚Cij‘ within a trap-night ‚j‘ at session ‚i‘. In summary, the data contains 115 sessions, capturing 455 nights of trapping. Seed Rain To estimate spatiotemporal differences in food availability for granivorous rodents, we monitored seed rain at the slopes and at the basin of the study area. We established two plots using geostatistical grid designs with 81 seed traps in 2003 and from 2006 – 2018. The traps consisted of plastic troughs with a basal area of 0,24 m2 covered in wire mesh to prevent further dispersal or predation of seeds. We emptied all seed traps in early spring right after snow melt and additionally during late October/November unless unpredictable snow cover prevented us to enter the area. Collected seeds were separated from leaf litter and other organic material and counted for each tree species and seed trap. Seeds fallen between late summer and the following spring were summed up for each seed trap as annual estimates and we used log-transformed mean values of 81 seed traps and scaled the number of seeds to [seeds/m2] for further analysis. We combined the number of seeds of P. abies and A. alba (hereinafter referred to as conifer seeds), as their seed rain was positively correlated. Microclimate To account for microclimatic variation among plots and trap nights, which can influence the activity and capture numbers of A. flavicollis and M. glareolus in a species-specific manner (Wróbel & Bogdziewicz, 2015), we used a fine-scale model (Kearney et al., 2020) to estimate hourly mean temperatures for each study site using the R-package microclima (Maclean et al., 2019). We further obtained estimates of daily precipitation using the function ‘microclimaforNMR’ of the same R-package (Kearney & Porter, 2017). We estimated hourly values for aboveground temperature at each study site by using the function ‚runauto‘ from the R-package ‚microclima‘ (Version 0.1, Maclean et al., 2019). We prepared polygons of the study sites and added a buffer of 50 m around each site. Subsequently, we used these polygons to clip a digital terrain model with a spatial resolution of 30m which then served as input for the function ‚runauto‘. We specified the habitat type for each site as follows: managed forest MFb as ‘Evergreen needleleaf forest’, primeval forests PFb and PFs as ‘Deciduous broadleaf forest’, the windthrow site WTs as ‘Closed shrublands’ and the avalanche site AV as ‘Open shrublands’. We ran the function for each site and each year separately and obtained estimated temperature values at a height of 0.1 m aboveground with a spatial resolution according to our digital terrain model at an hourly interval. We converted the timezone from Coordinated Universal Time into Central European Time and aggregated the temperature values for each timestep and site to obtain an hourly mean temperature value for each site. We further summarized the mean temperatures between 7 pm and 6 am in order to obtain nightly temperature estimates that correspond to the time of the day when small mammal live traps where set active. Data description - each column represents a trap night (only sheets 1-5) - each row represents a unique combination of site and session (session = up to 5 trap nights) References Brenn, M. E. (2018). Baumverjüngung nach einer Schneelawine in Bergurwald-Ökosystemen: Am Beispiel des Urwaldes Rothwald [PhD thesis]. University of Natural Resources; Life Sciences, Vienna. Cody, M. L., & Smallwood, J. A. (Eds.). (1996). Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. Academic Press. Kearney, M. R., Gillingham, P. K., Bramer, I., Duffy, J. P., & Maclean, I. M. D. (2020). A method for computing hourly, historical, terrain-corrected microclimate anywhere on earth. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13330 Kearney, M. R., & Porter, W. P. (2017). NicheMapR an R package for biophysical modelling: The microclimate model. Ecography, 40(5), 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02360 Kral, F., & Mayer, H. (1968). Pollenanalytische Überprüfung des Urwaldcharakters in den Naturwaldreservaten Rothwald und Neuwald (Niederösterreichische Kalkalpen). Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 87(1), 150–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02735860 Maclean, I. M. D., Mosedale, J. R., & Bennie, J. J. (2019). Microclima: An r package for modelling meso- and microclimate. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(2), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13093 Magalhães, J. P. D., & Costa, J. (2009). A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22(8), 1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01783.x Niethammer, J., & Krapp, F. (1978). Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Nagetiere I. Aula-Verlag. Niethammer, J., & Krapp, F. (1982). Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Nagetiere II. Aula-Verlag. Splechtna, B. E., & Splechtna, K. (2016). Rothschild’s wilderness: How a primeval forest survived the timber industry. Arcadia: Explorations in Environmental History, 4. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/7420 Tacutu, R., Thornton, D., Johnson, E., Budovsky, A., Barardo, D., Craig, T., Diana, E., Lehmann, G., Toren, D., Wang, J., Fraifeld, V. E., & de Magalhães, J. P. (2018). Human Ageing Genomic Resources: New and updated databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(D1), D1083–D1090. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx1042 Wróbel, A., & Bogdziewicz, M. (2015). It is raining mice and voles: Which weather conditions influence the activity of Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus? European Journal of Wildlife Research, 61(3), 475–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0892-2## 研究区域 迪伦施泰因荒野保护区（Dürrenstein Wilderness Area, DWA；北纬47°48′至47°45′，东经15°01′至15°07′）坐落于奥地利下奥地利州的北石灰岩阿尔卑斯山区。该保护区总面积达3500公顷，其中约400公顷被划为严格保护区（世界自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）Ia类），区域内的罗特瓦尔德原始森林（Rothwald）从未被采伐过（Kral & Mayer, 1968; Splechtna & Splechtna, 2016）。这片原始森林的一小部分位于被陡坡环绕的盆地中。本研究共设置5个小型哺乳动物诱捕样地（表1）：3个样地位于迪伦施泰因山（海拔1878米，北纬47°47′，东经15°04′）的南坡；剩余2个样地位于研究区域的盆地内，与迪伦施泰因山顶的直线距离约4000米，方向为东南向。 盆地内的原始森林（PFb）以大量枯木、密集混杂的更新苗和地表植被为主要特征。盆地内的人工林（MFb）以挪威云杉（Picea abies）为优势种，混生有欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）和银冷杉（Abies alba），地表植被以越橘（Vaccinium myrtillus）为主，该物种在其余所有样地中均较为少见。人工林（MFb）与罗特瓦尔德原始森林及其他以山毛榉为优势的林分毗邻。坡地原始森林（PFs）以欧洲山毛榉的老龄个体为特征，更新苗呈斑块状分布，地表植被覆盖度低于PFb。钙质C层部分裸露，为小型动物提供了诸多可进入的洞穴。1990年的风倒事件在罗特瓦尔德原始森林附近的林分中形成了大面积林隙，该区域未被清理伐木，形成了由茂密灌丛与草地斑块混杂而成的异质生境（WTs）。2009年的雪崩形成了面积10.1公顷、长度超1000米、最大宽度达120米的扰动区域（AVs）：雪崩冲击带中部迅速定植了挪威云杉，而冲击带主体以大量粗木质残体和砾石为特征。扰动发生11年后，开阔草地占据了该样地约一半的面积（Brenn, 2018）。 ## 数据采集 ### 小型哺乳动物活体诱捕 为估算小型哺乳动物的种群丰度，研究团队于2004年至2019年间开展活体诱捕工作。诱捕时段为每年5月至10月，每年开展1至3次诱捕周期，单次周期持续2至5个连续捕夜。诱捕网格为5×5的捕站布局，捕站间距15米；考虑到雪崩样地的狭长形状，该样地采用改良网格设计，设置3个子网格共44个捕站并保持捕站间距不变。每个捕站放置2个不同厂商生产的诱捕笼（木箱诱捕笼、谢尔曼诱捕笼（Sherman Traps）、管状诱捕笼及Trip Traps），并用植被或其他有机材料覆盖以缓解极端温度影响。诱捕饵料为黄油曲奇、花生酱与一块苹果（Cody & Smallwood, 1996）。每日清晨检查诱捕笼，傍晚启动诱捕装置。物种或属的鉴定参考Niethammer & Krapp（1978, 1982）的标准。由于研究区域具有极高的保护等级，研究团队无法使用被动集成应答器标签（passive integrated transponder tags）或金属标签等永久性人工标记方法，以免在森林中造成累积性干扰。所有野外工作均符合迪伦施泰因荒野保护区管理方和科学咨询委员会的要求，并获得下奥地利州自然保护部门（RU5）的许可。研究团队将优势类群红背䶄（Myodes glareolus）与姬鼠属（Apodemus spp.）的诱捕数据汇总为“第i次诱捕周期内第j个捕夜的捕获个体数Cij”。综上，本数据集共包含115次诱捕周期，累计455个捕夜的诱捕数据。 ### 种子雨 为估算食籽啮齿类食物可获得性的时空差异，研究团队在研究区域的坡地和盆地内监测种子雨。2003年及2006年至2018年间，研究团队采用地统计网格设计设置2个样地，每个样地包含81个种子收集器。收集器为塑料槽状结构，底面积0.24 m²，上方覆盖金属网以防止种子进一步扩散或被取食。研究团队于每年初春融雪后清空所有种子收集器，若未遭遇不可预见的积雪封山，则在每年10月末/11月再次清空。收集到的种子需与落叶和其他有机物质分离，并按树木物种和种子收集器分别计数。将每年夏末至次年春季沉降的种子汇总为每个收集器的年度估算值，随后对81个收集器的种子数取对数转换后的平均值，并将种子数换算为[粒/m²]用于后续分析。由于挪威云杉（P. abies）和银冷杉（A. alba）的种子雨呈显著正相关，研究团队将二者的种子数合并为“针叶树种子”（后文简称针叶树种子）。 ### 微气候 为校正样地和捕夜间的微气候差异——这类差异会以物种特异性方式影响黄喉姬鼠（Apodemus flavicollis）和红背䶄（Myodes glareolus）的活动与捕获数量（Wróbel & Bogdziewicz, 2015），研究团队使用精细尺度模型（Kearney et al., 2020），结合R包（R-package）microclima（Maclean et al., 2019）估算每个样地每小时的平均气温。研究团队还通过同一R包的`microclimaforNMR`函数获取日降水量估算值。利用R包`microclima`（版本0.1，Maclean et al., 2019）中的`runauto`函数，研究团队估算每个样地的地上气温小时值：首先制备研究样地的多边形图层并为每个样地添加50米缓冲区，随后利用该图层裁剪空间分辨率为30米的数字地形模型，将裁剪后的地形数据作为`runauto`函数的输入参数。研究团队为每个样地指定生境类型：人工林MFb为“常绿针叶林”，原始林PFb和PFs为“落叶阔叶林”，风倒样地WTs为“封闭灌丛”，雪崩样地AV为“开阔灌丛”。分别对每个样地和每年运行该函数，得到距地面0.1米高度的估算气温值，空间分辨率与数字地形模型一致，时间分辨率为每小时。研究团队将协调世界时转换为中欧时间，并对每个时间步长和样地的气温值进行聚合，得到每个样地每小时的平均气温。此外，研究团队汇总每日19时至次日6时的平均气温，以获取与小型哺乳动物诱捕笼设置时段对应的夜间气温估算值。 ## 数据说明 - 每一列代表一个捕夜（仅工作表1-5） - 每一行代表样地与诱捕周期的唯一组合（诱捕周期=最多5个捕夜） ## 参考文献 1. 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