TABLE 2 in Polybia, Paraphyly, and Polistine Phylogeny

TABLE 2 Larval Characters for Subgenera of Polybia, and Five Outgroup Genera Multistate characters are treated as nonadditive. Question marks denote missing values; the larva of the genus Synoecoides and of the subgenera Furnariana and Platypolybia, are unknown. An asterisk denotes a polymorphism showing all applicable states; a dollar sign denotes a subset polymorphism (Chartergus: states 0 and 1 in character 41; Brachygastra: states 0 and 1 in character 37; Myraptetra: states 1 and 2 in character 41; and Trichinothorax: states 1 and 2 in character 35, and 0 and 2 in character 37). TaxaCharacter25 29 34 39 44 | | | | |Protonectarina0?1110???200??0??0???Epipona0100011-1210100010110Synoecoides?????????????????????Chartergus0011110102201100$0001Brachygastra011101*00321$10*10000Polybia?011?1010210000010001Apopolybia001111???01???0??????Alpha0011011-0100010010001Myrapetra*011*1*1*2200**0$0001Furnariana?????????????????????Cylindroeca?0??11???01???0??????Trichinothorax1011111-00$0$00010001Pedothoeca001111*1132101001*00*Formicicola10110101022100001100?Platypolybia?????????????????????