Alpine butterflies want to fly high: Species and communities shift upwards faster than their host plants

Despite sometimes strong co-dependencies of insect herbivores and plants, responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. Thereby, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4 km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we re-visited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and s..., Butterfly data was collected by standardized transect walks and host plant data by vegetation surveys, determining species and estimating cover. Temperature data per plot was modelled based on data from nearby climate stations. All analyses and figures were produced in R using R Markdown with the script presented here., R, RStudio