PERMANOVA examining Bray-Curtis distances between and within samples of assemblages in entire landscapes (a), sparse turfs (b) or dense turfs (c) in experimental landscapes and corresponding pair-wise comparisons of levels of factor Composition.

* indicates PPSite is random with two levels; Composition is a fixed factor four levels in a); three levels in b) and c); n = 3. Entries are the mean distances between each pair in each test of Composition, with bold entries with asterisks being significant at P = 0.05. Multivariate patterns for entire habitats are shown in Fig. 4.