Cosmology and fundamental physics tests with fast radio bursts

Since the discovery of the first fast radio burst (FRB) in 2007, observational and theoretical research on these millisecond-duration radio transients has advanced significantly.Owing to their unique characteristics of cosmological propagation distances, millisecond timescales, and low-frequency radiation, FRBs have emerged as powerful probes for exploring cosmological frontiers and testing fundamental physics.This review systematically synthesizes recent progress in applying FRBs to cosmology and fundamental physics tests.Key areas covered include: the search for cosmic baryonic matter, reconstruction of the cosmic reionization history, constraints on cosmological parameters, tests of fundamental physical theories, measurements of the intergalactic magnetic field strength, and detection of dark matter candidates.Finally, we discuss the challenges facing this field and provide a forward-looking perspective on future developments.