Telenomus remus: Integrative Insights from Microbiome and Transcriptome Analyses

The extensive application of synthetic insecticides, such as emamectin benzoate (EB) and indoxacarb (IN), threatens ecologically beneficial parasitoids like Telenomus remus, a key biological control agent for Spodoptera pests. This study systematically evaluated the transgenerational sublethal effects of EB and IN on T. remus by integrating acute toxicity assessments, life-history trait analysis, gut microbiome profiling, and transcriptomic responses.