Supplementary Information Files for Delay-induced homoclinic bifurcations in modified gradient bistable systems and their relevance to optimization

Supplementary Information Files for Delay-induced homoclinic bifurcations in modified gradient bistable systems and their relevance to optimization<br>Nonlinear dynamical systems with time delay are abundant in applications but are notoriously difficult to analyze and predict because delay-induced effects strongly depend on the form of the nonlinearities involved and on the exact way the delay enters the system. We consider a special class of nonlinear systems with delay obtained by taking a gradient dynamical system with a two-well “potential” function and replacing the argument of the right-hand side function with its delayed version. This choice of the system is motivated by the relative ease of its graphical interpretation and by its relevance to a recent approach to use delay in finding the global minimum of a multi-well function. Here, the simplest type of such systems is explored for which we hypothesize and verify the possibility to qualitatively predict the delay-induced effects, such as a chain of homoclinic bifurcations one by one eliminating local attractors and enabling the phase trajectory to spontaneously visit vicinities of all local minima. The key phenomenon here is delay-induced reorganization of manifolds, which cease to serve as barriers between the local minima after homoclinic bifurcations. Despite the general scenario being quite universal in two-well potentials, the homoclinic bifurcation comes in various versions depending on the fine features of the potential. Our results are a pre-requisite for understanding general highly nonlinear multistable systems with delay. They also reveal the mechanisms behind the possible role of delay in optimization.<br>