Achieving Effective Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal by Novel Dual Particle Elemental Sulfur-driven Partial Denitrification Coupled with Anammox

This study established a novel dual particle elemental sulfur-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox system, which integrated S0 particles with granular sludge, aiming to achieve simultaneous NH4+ and NO3- treatment. The S0PDA system demonstrated significant enhancement in autotrophic nitrogen removal, with anammox became dominant nitrogen removal pathway. These findings highlighted robustness of the dual particle S0PDA system in advancing the application of autotrophic processes.