Total bird abundance in the study area for six forest-bird species, due to (the various components of) forest fragmentation.

All estimates are based on relationships between bird density and patch features measured in the 2008 field survey, and patch features measured in Landsat images from 1985 and 2008. For the three species in which bird density did not vary with patch characteristics, changes in bird abundance caused by changed patch features (ΔD) and the correlation term (ΔF*ΔD) are predicted to be zero, thus they are left blank. Sign before the figures indicates decreased (−) or increased (+) bird abundances.