Table VI: GDP per capita growth Income inequality and Energy consumption per capita

Table VI further demonstrates the causal relationship among income inequality indicators (Atkinson, Gini, and Palma), economic growth (GDP per capita growth), and energy consumption per capita. It is reported that the income inequality indicators (Atkinson, Gini, and Palma) exhibited negative effects on energy consumption, while economic growth (GDP per capita growth) showed a positive effect on energy consumption. The interaction between income inequality indicators (Atkinson, Gini, and Palma) and economic growth (GDP per capita growth) also negatively affected energy consumption. These findings are summarily consistent with the theory and the expectations of this study, such that a growing and robust economy will stimulate and yield a positive net effect on energy consumption while high poverty levels downplay the positive effect.