Transgenerational changes in Daphnia magna under radio frequency radiation in the juvenile and puberty period

To analyze the results of direct and transgenerational effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on the model organism of crustaceans Daphnia magna. D. magna were chronically exposed at 900 GHz EMF with an energy flux density (EFD) of about 1 mW/cm2 in the juvenile and pubertal periods of their ontogenesis. The cytotoxicity of exposure as well as survival, fertility and teratogenic effect of directly exposed daphnids and their progeny across three generations were analyzed. The results of our study show that exposure of RF-EMF at juvenile period can significantly affect the fertility and size of irradiated daphnids and their offspring of the first generation. The decrease in fertility may be associated with a cytotoxic effect on the cells of irradiated animals. The reduction in the size of the terminal spine and the body of individuals is an indicator of the negative impact of radiation on the protective strategy of the crustacean population. The reproductive process is restored by the second generation. The results of our study provide further insights into the possible mechanisms underlying the in vivo effects of RF-EMF.