Titanium dioxide nanoparticles assessment in seaweeds by single particle inductively coupled plasma – Mass spectrometry
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n this study, a first attempt for isolating and determining (characterising) background levels of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) in seaweed has been developed by using single particle inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). Seaweeds were processed using an optimised ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) procedure based on tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) before dilution and SP-ICP-MS analysis. The effect of the TMAH percentage in the extracting solution, as well as the volume of extracting solution and sonication (extraction) time, has been fully assessed. Additional experiments also showed that TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs were quantitatively released from the seaweed matrix in one UAE step since the analysis of residues gave TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs concentrations lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. Validation of the method with 50 and 100 nm TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (10 μg L<sup>−1</sup> as Ti) showed good analytical recovery (115% and 112% for 50 and 100 nm TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, respectively), and good reproducibility (2% for size and 16% for number of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs). Experiments regarding TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs stability showed that the extracted NPs are stable since there were not changes on the number of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs and TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs size distributions when exposing TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs standards to the optimised extractive conditions.
