Anti-seizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children

Objective: To determine whether children born to women who use anti-seizure medications (ASMs) during pregnancy have higher risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) independent of confounding factors. Methods: We used Swedish-register data (n=14,614 children born 1996-2011 and followed through 2013) to examine associations in children of women with epilepsy, using the largest sample to date and adjusting for a range of measured confounders. We examined maternal-reported first-trimester use of any ASM (22.7%); and the three most commonly reported individual drugs (valproic acid, 4.8%; lamotrigine, 6.8%; and carbamazepine, 9.7%). We identified ASD with ICD-10 diagnoses and ADHD with ICD-10 diagnoses or filled prescriptions of ADHD medication. Results: Examination of individual drugs revealed that after adjustment for confounding, use of valproic acid was associated with ASD (Hazard Ratio=2.30, 95%CI=1.53-3.47) and ADHD (HR=1.74, 95%C...