Supplementary Materials (Table S1 and Table S2)

Supplementary Table S1.Overview of the empirical materials used in the study, including all data sources (news articles, social media posts, interviews, digital ethnography, and satellite/visual data), their size and temporal coverage, inclusion criteria, and their specific analytical roles within the mixed-methods design. Supplementary Table S2.Sensitivity analysis of the hashtag interaction network to different BotometerLite automation-probability cutoffs, showing how node/edge counts, modularity, community structure, and stance assortativity vary across thresholds and confirming that the main network patterns reported in the article are robust to the removal of likely automated accounts.