Graded Loading Scheme for the Model Test.

As resource extraction extends to greater depths, surrounding rock in deep underground roadways exhibits pronounced creep deformation due to the coupled effects of high in-situ stress and time-dependent behavior. Conventional support systems face significant challenges in maintaining long-term stability under such conditions. This study focuses on the pump station roadway of a mine in North China as a case study and conducts an integrated investigation involving theoretical analysis, physical modeling, and numerical simulation to develop effective creep control strategies. A theoretical framework for creep deformation control is established based on the radial stress gradient mechanism of the surrounding rock. A composite support system—comprising concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) supports, staged grouting, rock bolts, and sprayed concrete—is proposed. Using a self-developed two-dimensional physical modeling apparatus, the deformation and stress evolution of the surrounding rock are systematically compared under unsupported and composite-supported conditions, identifying key deformation zones and dominant creep patterns. Furthermore, a three-dimensional numerical model incorporating a damage-coupled creep constitutive relationship is constructed to evaluate the support system’s effectiveness in controlling roof subsidence, sidewall convergence, and plastic zone expansion. Results demonstrate that the CFST-based composite support system significantly mitigates creep-induced instability and enhances long-term roadway stability, offering theoretical and practical guidance for the design and optimization of support systems in deep soft rock roadways.