Objective: Routinely collected health data, collected for administrative and clinical purposes, without specific a priori research questions, are increasingly used for observational, comparative effec
This article proposes a new quantity called the “sensitivity value,” which is defined as the minimum strength of unmeasured confounders needed to change the qualitative conclusions of a naive analysis
Unmeasured confounding presents a significant challenge in causal inference from observational studies. Classical approaches often rely on collecting proxy variables, such as instrumental variables. H