Dataset: Climate Trends in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990-2024) - Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation

This dataset supports the M.Sc. thesis "Study of Temperature, Precipitation, and Solar Radiation Trends in the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Norte (1990–2024)", developed at the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of São Paulo (IAG-USP). The repository includes processed datasets, analysis outputs, and Python scripts used to perform climatological trend analysis over a 35-year period (1990-2024) for two Brazilian states with contrasting climate regimes: São Paulo (humid subtropical/tropical) and Rio Grande do Norte (semiarid). For the Rio Grande do Norte, the repository also includes an irrigation analysis covering four irrigated perimeters in the western semiarid region (Baixo Açu, Santa Cruz do Apodi, Itans/Sabugi, and Pau dos Ferros), with daily and annual irrigated volume estimates and surface energy balance characterization. Data sources: ERA5-Land (Temperature and ET - Evapotranspiration), CHIRPS (precipitation), CLARA-A3 and GOES-16 (solar radiation), INMET and ANA ground stations (validation), MapBiomas Collection 9 (land use and land cover), GLDAS-2.1/Noah (actual evapotranspiration and surface energy balance fluxes: LE, H, Rn, G), and IMERG Final Run V06 (daily precipitation for irrigation water balance). Methods: Cross-validation via Orthogonal Distance Regression (ODR); seasonal climatological normals (1990–2024); Mann-Kendall trend test; Sen's slope estimator; spatial trend mapping; land cover change analysis; linear regression between land surface cover fractions and climate variables; daily irrigation water balance; and surface energy balance analysis, with correlation between irrigated volume and latent and sensible heat fluxes.本数据集支撑圣保罗大学天文、地球物理与大气科学研究所（IAG-USP）完成的硕士学位论文《1990—2024年圣保罗州与北里奥格兰德州气温、降水及太阳辐射变化趋势研究》。 本仓库包含处理后的数据集、分析输出结果，以及用于对两个气候特征迥异的巴西州份开展35年（1990—2024年）气候趋势分析的Python脚本：圣保罗州（湿润亚热带/热带气候）与北里奥格兰德州（半干旱气候）。 针对北里奥格兰德州，本仓库还涵盖西部半干旱区域四个灌溉灌区（巴什阿苏、圣克鲁斯-阿波迪、伊唐斯/萨布吉以及保杜斯费鲁斯）的灌溉分析，包含日尺度与年尺度灌溉水量估算，以及地表能量平衡特征表征。 数据来源包括：ERA5-Land（气温与蒸散量ET）、CHIRPS（降水数据）、CLARA-A3与GOES-16（太阳辐射数据）、巴西国家气象研究所（INMET）与巴西国家水文局（ANA）地面观测站（验证数据）、MapBiomas第9版（土地利用与土地覆被数据）、GLDAS-2.1/Noah（实际蒸散量与地表能量平衡通量：潜热通量LE、感热通量H、净辐射Rn、土壤热通量G），以及IMERG最终运行版V06（灌溉水量平衡所需的日降水数据）。 研究方法包括：基于正交距离回归（Orthogonal Distance Regression，ODR）的交叉验证；1990—2024年季节气候基准态计算；曼恩-肯德尔趋势检验；森斜率估计器；空间趋势制图；土地覆被变化分析；地表覆被占比与气候变量间的线性回归；日尺度灌溉水量平衡计算；以及地表能量平衡分析，涵盖灌溉水量与潜热、感热通量间的相关性分析。