Effects of insecticidal proteins on Propylea japonica.

Life-table parameters (± SE) of P. japonica larvae when fed rape seed pollen containing Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F (500 µg/g pollen) or E-64 (400 µg/g pollen). Number of replicates is given in parentheses. Insects were fed exclusively with pollen for the first day of each larval stage and then subsequently received pollen and soybean aphids until development into the next instar. Each toxin treatment was compared to the control. An asterisk denotes a significant difference between a toxin treatment and the control.aχ2 test with Bonferroni correction (adjusted α = 0.013).bMann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction (adjusted α = 0.013).cDunnett test.