Haplogroup coalescence time estimates

aFirst summand refers to the complete mtDNA sequences displayed in Figures 2 and 3 and second summand refers to additional entire coding-region sequences [1]–[3]. Three C to G transversions (at positions 14974, 15439, and 15499) [1] – likely candidates for phantom mutations [2] that went undetected – were disregarded.
bThe average number of base substitutions in the mtDNA coding region (between positions 577 and 16023) from the root sequence type.
cStandard error calculated from an estimate of the genealogy [4].
dStarlikeness (“effective star size” [4]) can take values between 1/n (single haplotype representing n mtDNAs) and 1 (perfect star phylogeny).
eEstimate of the time to the most recent common ancestor of each cluster, using an evolutionary rate estimate of 1.26±0.08×10−8 base substitutions per nucleotide per year in the coding region [5], corresponding to 5,140 years per substitution in the whole coding region.
fThis includes one Apache A2a mtDNA (#1 in Table S1) and 9 Siberian mtDNAs (four A2a and five A2b) [6], [7].
gWithout A2a and A2b mtDNAs.