Comparisons between one-male groups versus multimale groups.

Data are from this study and one other study [40]. The “Overall” column represents combined results from one-male groups (OMG) plus multimale groups (MMG). The term “replacement” refers to a situation when the dominant male dies, or when he loses the dominant role to a subordinate within the group (internal takeover), or when he loses the dominant role to an outsider male (external takeover). See Methods for the criteria for “strong” versus “total” cases of infanticide.