Stabilizing effects of forest recovery rate μ and large penalties g' under governance as a one-time penalty for deforestation.

Time series representing the fraction of forested land (x(t)) under penalty for deforestation. (A) has a forgetting coeffiecient of α = 0.05 and recovery rate μ = 0.1; (B) α = 0.2 and μ = 0.1; (C) α = 0.9 and μ = 0.1; (D) α = 0.05 and μ = 0.5; (E) α = 0.2 and μ = 0.5; (F) α = 0.9 and μ = 0.5. Other parameters are b' = 5, c' = 20; increase in α, increases the amplitude of oscillations; increase in μ decreases the forest cover; increasing values of g' increase the forest cover and stability.