Genome mutations accumulated from R1 to R7.

The mutation accumulation is represented in color from R0 to R7, which indicate the rounds of repeated starvation and re-growth. 1 and 0 indicate the mutant and the wild type, respectively. Genome position, Change in DNA and Gene refer to AP012306 (DDBJ). Change in protein, Description and Cell location are according to GenoBase and RegulonDB. The mutations that occurred in the non-coding regions are indicated with parentheses in the “Cell location” column. The two mutations fixed in R1 were maintained in R2–R7. The additional mutations were detected in R5, R6, and R7. The cell location of the mutations indicated as outer/integral membrane or periplasmic suggest these mutations play a role in transport, and the mutations corresponding to rnr, rpsI and rpsA participate in translation. Asterisks and plus marks in Description indicate essential genes and gene functions related to translation.