Epigenetic modification of hepatitis B virus infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a challenge to global public health. Persistent liver infection with HBV is associated with an increased risk of developing severe liver disease. The complex interaction between the virus and the host is the reason for the persistent presence of HBV and the risk of tumour development. Chronic liver inflammation, integration of viral genome with host genome, expression of HBx protein, and viral genotype are all key participants in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epigenetic regulation in HBV-associated HCC involves complex interactions of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression and function without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These epigenetic modifications can significantly affect the onset and progression of HCC. This review summarizes recent research on the epigenetic regulation of HBV persistent infection and HBV-HCC development, including DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA modification, non-coding RNA, etc. Enhanced knowledge of these mechanisms will offer fresh perspectives and potential targets for intervention tactics in HBV-HCC.