Supplementary Material for: Metacognitive Training for subjects with Bipolar Disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction: Impairments in social cognition(SC) in Bipolar Disorder (BD) have been extensively described in the last decade but few treatment strategies have been studied to address this issue. This study presents findings from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating the efficacy of Metacognitive Training for Bipolar Disorder (MCT-BD) compared to Treatment as Usual (TAU) among individuals with BD in remission. The aim was to determine whether MCT-BD could improve social cognition and overall functioning.
Methods: Participants (N=56) were recruited via social media and an internal database at the University of São Paulo Medical School. Inclusion criteria included a confirmed BD diagnosis, current state of remission, and social functioning impairments. Exclusion criteria included any impairments that could hinder neuropsychological testing. Patients were randomly assigned to either MCT-BD or TAU, with assessments conducted at baseline and follow-up. The MCT-BD program consisted of nine sessions.
Results: The overall attendance rate across all MCT-BD intervention sessions was 96.6%. The MCT-BD program demonstrated added value in improving social cognition, specifically in Emotion Recognition reaction time. However, no significant changes were found in Theory of Mind (ToM), psychosocial functioning, or quality of life.
Conclusion: This RCT provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of MCT-BD in improving emotion recognition latency, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions in social cognition outcomes for individuals with BD. The study’s strengths include high completion rates and comprehensive cognitive assessments. Future studies should explore long-term effects and personalized treatment approaches aiming to improve SC deficits in this population.