Optimization of a photovoltaic solar water pumping system in terms of pumping performance using response surface methodology

Prior to the industrial revolution, heat, electricity, and energy were mainly generated by burning plant biomass, such as wood and charcoal. Subsequently, as industrialization progressed, the use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas became widespread owing to their higher energy density and availability for the generation of electrical energy. In contrast, fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, continue to play an important role in energy production in many regions of the world. This leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts are being made worldwide to transition to cleaner energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the electricity sector. Currently, the era of transition in terms of global electricity generation is shifting towards alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy. These technologies result in significantly low or no direct CO2 emissions compared with fossil fuels . Solar water pumping technology is an environment-friendly and sustainable technology. The present study demonstrates the potential of solar water pumps as a dependable, cost-efficient, and environment-friendly solution for bolstering agriculture in remote regions.