Thoracolumbar spine and rib cage model in OpenSim

These models include a fully articulated thoracolumbar spine (T1 through L5), with 3 rotational degrees-of-freedom at each inter-vertebral joint, and ribcage (24 individual ribs and a sternum). They also include a lumped head and neck body, and upper extremities. Major lumbar spine and abdominal muscle groups were incorporated from the previously developed OpenSim lumbar spine model (https://simtk.org/projects/lumbarspine), and muscles attaching to the upper and mid-thorax were adapted from the neck musculoskeletal model (https://simtk.org/projects/neck_mechanics) and upper extremity model (https://simtk.org/projects/up-ext-model). Additional muscle groups were added, including the external and internal inter-costals, the thoracic multifidus, the lower portion of the trapezius, the serratus anterior, and the transversus abdominis. Muscle measurements from in vivo computed tomography scans of the trunk were used to adjust the cross-sectional area (CSA) and position of the trunk muscles in the model to match a community-based sample of 125 men (generic male models) or 125 women (generic female models). The most recent releases include generic male and female models trunk models (v1.1; OpenSim 3.3 compatible), and generic male and female full body models (v2.0; OpenSim 4.x compatible) that incorporate lower extremities from the Gait2354 model (https://simtk-confluence.stanford.edu/display/OpenSim/Gait+2392+and+2354+Models). In total the trunk models have 93 degrees-of-freedom, and 552 musculotendon actuators; full body models have 111 degrees of freedom and 620 musculotendon actuators. The models are validated for estimations of spinal loading and trunk muscle tension against previously collected in-vivo measurement of intradiscal pressure, vertebral compression from telemeterized implants and trunk muscle EMG. The models were created and validated in OpenSim and may be used in Static Optimization analyses; we have not verified use in Computed Muscle Control. For more information, see our paper describing the original model development and validation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901907Also see our webinar: http://opensim.stanford.edu/support/event_details.html?id=143In a related project, these models have been adapted to create full body models for children and adolescents: https://simtk.org/projects/spine-childrenWe have released a set of subject-specific models created for 250 individuals (125 men, 125 women, ages 41 - 90) from the Framingham Heart Study: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/SpineModelingWe are currently using these models to study the use of an exosuit and variations in spine loading in the population, including effects of spine curvature and variability in loading in different activities, as well as how this relates to the risk of vertebral fractures in older adults. See our publications list for recent papers. <br/><br/>This project includes the following software/data packages: <br/> <ul> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=959#pack_1720">Fullbody_OS4.x_v2.0 </a> : OpenSim full body models of the thoracolumbar spine - for use in OpenSim 4.x. The current release (March 9, 2021) is a 4.x compatible version of our most recent full body model(s) (November 16, 2020) with some modifications made for improved usability and consistency between version. Please see release notes, included in download, for details. Zip file contains generic male and female full body models (v2.0), geometry folder, and release notes. </li> </ul>

本数据集包含一个具有完全可动胸腰椎（T1至L5）的模型，每个椎间关节具有三个旋转自由度，以及包含24根独立肋骨和胸骨的胸廓。此外，还包括了简化头颈部和上肢模型。主要腰椎和腹部肌肉群借鉴了先前开发的OpenSim腰椎模型（https://simtk.org/projects/lumbarspine），而连接至上胸部和中部胸部的肌肉则从颈部骨骼肌肉模型（https://simtk.org/projects/neck_mechanics）和上肢模型（https://simtk.org/projects/up-ext-model）中改编。增加了额外的肌肉群，包括外肋间肌、内肋间肌、胸椎多裂肌、斜方肌下段、前锯肌和腹横肌。使用体内计算机断层扫描的肌肉测量数据调整了躯干肌肉的横截面积（CSA）和位置，以匹配125名男性（通用男性模型）或125名女性（通用女性模型）的社区样本。最新版本包括通用男性和女性躯干模型（v1.1；兼容OpenSim 3.3）和通用男性和女性全身模型（v2.0；兼容OpenSim 4.x），其中包含来自Gait2354模型（https://simtk-confluence.stanford.edu/display/OpenSim/Gait+2392+and+2354+Models）的下肢。总计躯干模型具有93个自由度，552个肌腱激活器；全身模型具有111个自由度和620个肌腱激活器。这些模型已通过之前收集的体内椎间盘压力、椎体压缩（来自遥测植入物）和躯干肌肉表面肌电图（EMG）的测量数据进行验证。模型在OpenSim中创建和验证，可用于静态优化分析；尚未验证其在计算肌肉控制中的应用。更多关于原始模型开发和验证的信息，请参阅我们的论文：https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901907。亦请参考我们的网络研讨会：http://opensim.stanford.edu/support/event_details.html?id=143。在相关项目中，这些模型已被改编用于创建儿童和青少年的全身模型：https://simtk.org/projects/spine-children。我们已发布了一套针对250名个体（125名男性，125名女性，年龄41至90岁）的特定主题模型，这些个体来自弗明翰心脏研究：https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/SpineModeling。我们目前正在使用这些模型研究外骨骼的使用以及脊柱负荷在人群中的变化，包括脊柱弯曲和不同活动中的负荷变化，以及这些变化如何与老年人椎体骨折风险相关。请参阅我们的出版物列表以获取最新论文。本项目中包含以下软件/数据包：
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<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=959#pack_1720">Fullbody_OS4.x_v2.0</a>：胸腰椎OpenSim全身模型，适用于OpenSim 4.x版本。当前发布（2021年3月9日）是最新的全身模型（2020年11月16日）的4.x兼容版本，并对部分功能进行了修改以提升可用性和版本间的统一性。请参阅下载中包含的发布说明以获取详细信息。ZIP文件包含通用男性和女性全身模型（v2.0）、几何文件夹和发布说明。</li>
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