Supplementary Material and Data

Passenger and freight demands are divided into six selection levels total, including three Sub-Sector Activities, two Supply Process Activities, and one Technology-Level Activity. Starting from the activity energy of the SB level, decomposition was performed along a hierarchical nesting tree specific to each sub-sector.

The logistic curve function is formed by using variables such as pkm-tkm per capita, GDP per capita, and country area (km2). The relevant saturation point coincides with the years when the growth rate in the population slowed down and stagnated, and this point also shows similarity with the per capita km values of the developed countries.

The population projection of Türkiye is based on the 2018-2080 Population Projection Study of TURKSTAT (TURKSTAT, 2018). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projection of Türkiye is based on the 2020-2060 study by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (OECD, 2021)