Research progress in preparation of functional materials for water treatment using agricultural and forestry wastes

The efficient resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes is crucial for eco-environmental protection， biomass resource conservation， and green low-carbon sustainable development. This topic has attracted considerable attention from both scientific community and industry worldwide. The preparation of advanced environmental functional materials from these wastes， which possess distinctive natural structures and properties， represents a promising and rapidly expanding area of research with significant potential， especially in water treatment. This review article systematically summarizes the current status and progress in the construction and preparation of water treatment functional materials using agricultural and forestry wastes， based on an analysis of global literature. The review covers various techniques for the pretreatment and modification of waste biomass， including mechanical， physical， chemical， thermochemical and biological methods. It then delves into the research achievements in fields such as biochar， adsorption and flocculation， photocatalysis and advanced oxidation， water environmental ecosystem remediation and novel separation membranes. Special emphasis is placed on the selection of waste feedstocks， material preparation strategies and methods， application approaches and pollutants removal effectiveness. Finally， the review addresses the current challenges and important future research directions， including a deeper understanding of agricultural and forestry biomass， better green pretreatment technology， development of bio-inspired and intelligent responsive materials， as well as innovations in reactor design and operational processes tailored to biomass-based materials. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights and a roadmap for sustainable utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes in environmental field.